Although Engels did not explicitly use the term "modernization" in his original work, his analysis of "modern state," "modern bourgeois society," "modern socialism," and so on contains rich ideas of modernization. On the occasion of commemorating the 130th anniversary of Engels' death, studying and interpreting his modernization thoughts can provide academic resources and important enlightenment for us to promote Chinese path to modernization. Modernization is an important symbol of human society entering modern civilization. Modernization is the development trend and important symbol of human society entering modern civilization. In "The State of the British Working Class," Engels pointed out that "the significance of the Industrial Revolution to Britain is like that of the Political Revolution to France and the Philosophical Revolution to Germany." This statement contains three dimensions of modernization: the Industrial Revolution establishes modern modes of production, the Political Revolution establishes modern state systems, and the Philosophical Revolution shapes modern subject forces. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution established modern modes of production. The Industrial Revolution in Britain was the historical and logical starting point of the modernization process, which led to fundamental changes in the mode of material production, greatly liberated and developed social productive forces, and opened the curtain on human industrial civilization. In "The State of England: The Eighteenth Century," Engels pointed out that "the revolution in England was a social revolution, and therefore had a wider and more profound impact than any other revolution." The Industrial Revolution in England had a strong radiating and leading effect on other European countries, and "the old industry of Germany was destroyed by the adoption of steam and the rapid expansion of British industrial advantage," forcing "the governments of various states under Napoleon's continental system to consider the requirements of modern industry. Secondly, political revolution establishes a modern state system. The important achievement of the French Revolution, the Declaration of Human Rights, not only established the independent legal and political identity of individuals by defining their "national" status, but also clarified the fundamental role of law in national governance, promoting the construction of a modern state system completely different from feudal autocracy. Engels highly praised the French Revolution and its positive historical significance. In 1841, he published Ernst Moritz Arndt in the Deutsche Telegraph, criticizing the German's one-sided hatred of France and proposing to "abolish all levels and establish a great, unified and equal citizen state". Thirdly, the philosophical revolution shapes the modern subject force. In the context of the history of Western philosophical thought, behind "modernization" lies the issue of "modernity", and the essence of the issue of "modernity" is the issue of "subjectivity". The significance of philosophical revolution lies in establishing the subjectivity of human beings. Engels wrote in "The Progress of Social Reform on the Continent": "A political revolution occurred in France, accompanied by a philosophical revolution in Germany. This revolution was initiated by Kant... Fichte and Schelling began the transformation of philosophy, and Hegel completed a new system." The German philosophical revolution regarded humans as knowledge subjects and moral subjects with rational and free consciousness, greatly enhancing their subjectivity, which is an important difference between capitalist civilization and pre capitalist civilization. Engels' interpretation of the three dimensions of modernization helps us grasp the systematic nature of modernization and the fundamental position of social revolution. Modernization is a systematic social and historical project: the modern mode of production is the material premise and social foundation of modernization; The construction of a modern state is the political guarantee of modernization; The construction of modern subjectivity is the main force of modernization. These three dimensions jointly promote the emergence and development of modern civilization. Of course, the economic foundation determines the superstructure. Engels particularly emphasized that the social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution have a fundamental position. "Social revolution is the true revolution, and political and philosophical revolutions must lead to social revolution." The social revolution in Britain "will achieve its goals faster in practice than the political revolution in France or the philosophical revolution in Germany. Engels' greatness in surpassing contemporary thinkers lies in linking modernization with the growth and development of the most revolutionary and advanced working class. Engels pointed out that "the history of the British working class began in the second half of the last century with the invention of the steam engine and cotton processing machine... Its world historical significance is only now being recognized." This established the direction for exploring the duality of capitalist modernization and seeking class subjects to overcome the contradictions of capitalist modernization. Engels revealed the duality and inherent contradictions of capitalist modernization, presenting the dialectical negation logic of capitalist modern civilization. On the one hand, Engels highly affirmed the driving role of capitalist modernization in the development of human civilization. Western capitalist countries have destroyed traditional societies and ushered in the era of industrial civilization through modern elements such as technological revolution, scientific rationality, modern production methods, urbanization, and world markets. On the other hand, Engels sharply criticized the development paradox of capitalist modernization: "As civilization advances, inequality also advances at the same time. All the institutions established by society for itself with civilization are transformed into the opposite of their original purpose." Although capitalist modernization has promoted the development of human civilization, its inherent capital logic has also led to inevitable internal contradictions. One is the contradiction and opposition between humans and nature. Capitalist modernization, aided by the progress of technological and industrial revolutions, has lost its reverence for nature and triggered an ecological crisis while achieving the de mystification of nature. Engels warned, 'Do not be excessively intoxicated by our human victory over nature. For every such victory, nature retaliates against us.'. The destruction of the "inorganic body" of nature by humans will inevitably bring backlash to the "organic body" of humanity itself. The second is the contradiction and opposition between people. Capital fetishism makes the relationships between people "nothing but naked interests, nothing but ruthless' cash transactions'. Under the logic of capitalist objectification, the more capitalist production develops, the more workers fall into a 'non-human state', and 'neither individuals nor the entire class can think, feel, and live like humans'. At the same time, capitalist modernization has also created a confrontation between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. In "The State of the British Working Class," Engels said, "The book I have written, from the first page to the last page, is an indictment of the British bourgeoisie." The bourgeoisie treats the proletariat as their own property, and "the only thing considered for the workers is the law," while the essence of capitalist law is to treat the proletariat as "unprotected, undignified, hated, and detestable objects. Of course, with the deepening development of capitalist modernization, the bourgeoisie also strives to ease its internal contradictions, and "big industry has become morally upright on the surface. Engels warned in the preface of the second edition of the German edition of "The Condition of the English Working Class" in 1892 that "all these concessions to justice and benevolence are, in fact, only a means". Because the root of the contradiction in the modernization of capitalism, namely the 'capitalist system itself', still exists. Engels used the materialist conception of history to examine and analyze the capitalist system, revealing the deep roots of the inherent contradictions in the modernization of capitalism caused by the logic of capital proliferation and objectification. To ultimately resolve the inherent contradictions of capitalist modernization, we must go beyond capitalist modernization and explore new modernization models. The dialectical unity of universality and particularity in the modernization development model. The modernization development model is the unity of universality and particularity, and different countries and ethnic groups have different modernization development models. When discussing the path of social development in Russia, Marx and Engels believed that it was possible for Russia to cross the "Kaftin Gorge" of capitalism. After Marx's death, Engels continued to explore the development path of Eastern countries, which is particularly reflected in his postscript "On the Social Problems of Russia" and his correspondence with Danielson and others. Engels emphasized that "those countries that have just entered capitalist production but still maintain the clan system or remnants of the clan system can use the remnants of public ownership and the corresponding popular customs as powerful means to greatly shorten their process of development towards socialist society and avoid most of the hardships and struggles we had to experience when opening up the path in Western Europe." Engels' exploration of the social development path of Eastern countries contains an important argument of his modernization thought: firstly, modernization is the unity of scientific and value scales. Scientific rationality and industrial revolution are rational factors of modernization, which determine the objectivity and historical inevitability of modernization with a "scientific scale"; The historical and cultural traditions and values of a nation are the value factors of modernization, which determine the specific path and implementation of modernization through the "value scale". Secondly, modernization does not equate to westernization. The theory of Eastern societies emphasizes the national characteristics of modernization in Eastern countries and their positive significance for the progress of world history, implying a criticism of "Western centrism". Nationalization is a manifestation of modern diversity. Through nationalization, modernization can move towards unlimited openness and development. Thirdly, Eastern countries bear the historical mission of shifting modernization development from a diachronic narrative to a synchronic narrative. The "leapfrog theory" viewpoint in Eastern social theory is a major breakthrough in Marxist modernization theory. This viewpoint indicates that the evolution of social forms is not only a diachronic process from lower to higher levels, but also reflects synchronic characteristics. Eastern countries can simultaneously solve the problems of pre capitalist society, the common development of capitalism and socialism in the process of modernization, and explore a new path of socialist modernization that goes beyond the capitalist modernization model. Correctly grasping the dialectical relationship between universality and particularity is an important issue in the study of modernization theory. The Western modernization theory adheres to the philosophical thinking of "monism" and "subject object dichotomy", advocating the uniqueness and universality of the Western modernization model, ignoring the dialectical relationship between universality and particularity. Engels' view on the dialectical unity of universality and particularity of the modernization development model provides an important theoretical guidance for the emergence of Chinese path to modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Modernization is not a multiple-choice question. The diversity of historical conditions determines the diversity of development paths chosen by countries." Modernization does not have a universal formula set a priori. Chinese path to modernization embodies the law of the unity of the universality of world historical development and the particularity of each nation's own development, breaks the myth of "modernization=westernization", shows a new picture different from the western modernization model, expands the path choice of developing countries towards modernization, and is a new form of human civilization. Modernization and new forms of human civilization are the overall concepts that mark the degree of freedom and comprehensive development of human beings. Engels pointed out that "the era of civilization is a period of learning to further process natural products, a period of true industry and art." The development of human modernization will inevitably surpass capitalist civilization and enter a new, higher form of human civilization. Engels believed that "the great changes we face in this century are the reconciliation between humanity and nature, as well as the reconciliation between humanity itself." Achieving "two reconciliations" is an essential part of building a new form of human civilization. Firstly, in the process of reconciliation between humans and nature, promote the connection between humans and themselves