Recently, a batch of typical cases involving Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Ningxia and other places were reported in the third round and fourth batch of central ecological environment protection inspections. It is worth exploring how to plan and promote the protection of the ecological environment in the new era with a higher position, broader vision, and greater efforts during the critical period of pressure accumulation and progress in ecological civilization construction. In recent years, the ecological and environmental protection industry has steadily increased in value, effectively enhancing the "green content" of China's economic development. Data shows that over 95% of coal-fired power units in China have achieved ultra-low emissions. As of the end of 2023, there are 14620 sewage treatment plants and 2843 domestic waste treatment sites (plants) within the national statistical scope. By 2024, the average concentration of PM2.5 in prefecture level and above cities in China will be reduced to below 30 micrograms per cubic meter, and the proportion of excellent surface water quality sections will exceed 90%. The ecological and environmental protection industry supports the construction of major ecological restoration projects. Enterprises and social capital have participated in the "Three North" shelter forest project. Mengcao Ecological Company has won the bid for 15 projects related to the "Three North" project. The area involved in the "Three North" governance has reached 958100 mu. The forest coverage in the "Three North" project area has increased from about 5% in the 1970s to 13.84%. It should also be noted that the development of the ecological and environmental protection industry still faces bottlenecks in terms of scale, structure, and system, which restrict the depth and breadth of its high-quality development. With the decline of large-scale environmental infrastructure construction, the incremental space for the scale of traditional ecological and environmental protection industries is relatively limited. Increasing technological innovation, cultivating new quality productivity, adjusting industrial structure, and finding new tracks have become the key to breaking through the bottleneck of ecological and environmental protection industry development. Ecological and environmental protection projects generally have the characteristics of large investment, long cycle, and low returns. It is necessary to establish a sustainable investment mechanism for funds. Some completed sewage treatment projects in certain areas are idle due to insufficient local financial support. The market for resource and environmental factors is not well-developed, and the market price discovery function has not been effectively utilized. The ecological and environmental protection industry in China is in a critical period of transitioning from scale expansion to quality improvement, shifting from "whether there is" to "whether it is good or not". We need to adhere to a systematic approach and work together from three dimensions: policy supply, technological breakthroughs, and market cultivation. Strengthen the supply of supportive policies. Increase investment in ecological and environmental protection infrastructure within the central budget, and include more major ecological and environmental protection projects in the "dual" construction. Make good use of the "two new" policies, the first (set) policy, and export credit insurance to support the replacement of domestic equipment. Continuously improving the market-oriented allocation system of resources and environmental factors, utilizing carbon emission rights, water rights, and emissions trading to enhance the enthusiasm of enterprises for green and low-carbon transformation. Encourage financial institutions to develop financial products such as green loans, green bonds, and green insurance that are suitable for ecological and environmental protection enterprises. Strengthen service support for enterprises' "going global" and build multinational enterprises with core competitiveness. Build a comprehensive ecosystem for technological innovation. We will focus on strengthening basic research in the application of green and low-carbon fields, and establish a number of national key laboratories and national innovation platforms. Focusing on the fields of low-carbon and zero carbon process reengineering, carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage, resource conservation, intensive and circular utilization, and new pollutant treatment, we will coordinate and strengthen key core technology research and development, and establish a "unveiling and leading" mechanism. Support leading enterprises to lead the formation of key core technology research and development consortia, and build an innovative ecosystem that deeply integrates industry, academia, research, and application. Cultivate and strengthen new market tracks. In response to the new trends and demands of green governance, we will promote the transformation of pollutant control towards collaborative efficiency in reducing pollution and carbon emissions, and encourage enterprises to carry out new businesses such as greenhouse gas accounting, monitoring and emission reduction, new pollutant treatment, and emerging solid waste disposal. Support enterprises in the field of ecological environment governance to enter the field of realizing the value of ecological products, promote systematic planning and integrated implementation of ecological protection and restoration, and subsequent ecological product management and development. Promote the development of digital and intelligent ecological environment governance industry, accelerate the promotion and application of advanced technologies such as intelligent monitoring, remote operation and maintenance, simulation, and digital twins. Develop new business models such as general contracting for environmental protection services and payment for environmental effects, promote one-stop services for "environmental managers" in industrial parks, and reduce pollution control costs for small and medium-sized enterprises. Author: Liu Zhengyan (Associate Researcher at the Institute of Land Development and Regional Economy, National Development and Reform Commission)