On July 9, the Chinese Academy of Sciences held a press conference to release the latest progress in the study of Chang'e-6 lunar samples, and systematically sorted out the series of achievements made in the past year since the receipt of Chang'e-6 lunar samples, respectively revealing the lunar back magma activity, the lunar paleomagnetic field, the lunar mantle water content and the characteristics of the lunar mantle evolution, opening up the evolution history of the lunar back for the first time for mankind. The four research findings were published as cover articles in the international academic journal Nature on the evening of July 9th Beijing time. The latest research reveals the characteristics of the source area of basalts on the far side of the moon by Chang'e-6. In the latest published study on the evolution characteristics of the lunar mantle, the research team conducted research using basalt samples collected by Chang'e-6 in the South Pole Aitken Basin on the far side of the moon. These basalts originate from the melting of the lunar mantle inside the moon, producing magma that rises and erupts onto the lunar surface. The professional field refers to the melting area inside the moon that produces basaltic magma as the mantle source region. Through petrographic and mineralogical analysis of basalt samples formed approximately 2.8 billion years ago, the research team has comprehensively revealed their chemical composition characteristics; At the same time, using isotope analysis of basalt, researchers further discovered that the lunar mantle source area beneath the Chang'e-6 landing zone is extremely lacking in melting elements, which refer to elements that tend to accumulate in the melt. Based on this, the research team proposed two possible reasons for the formation of the basaltic source material in the region: it could be either the "innate state" of the moon's initial formation or the "modification result" of the giant impact of the South Pole Aitken Basin in the later stage. This research achievement provides key evidence for revealing the characteristics of deep lunar mantle material in the first sample obtained by humans from the far side of the moon. The Chang'e-6 sample has helped Chinese scientists achieve multiple pioneering key advances. In addition to the latest published achievement, Chinese scientists have also made several pioneering key advances through the Chang'e-6 sample since its return to Earth one year ago: revealing the existence of two different types of basaltic volcanic activities on the far side of the moon about 4.2 billion years ago and 2.8 billion years ago, indicating that the far side of the moon can maintain sustained volcanic activity; Obtaining information on the ancient magnetic field on the far side of the moon, it was found that the strength of the lunar magnetic field may have rebounded 2.8 billion years ago, indicating that the magnetic field of the lunar generator is not monotonically decaying but fluctuating; Obtaining the water content of the far lunar mantle, it was found to be significantly lower than that of the near lunar mantle, indicating a binary distribution of water inside the moon. It is understood that the "duality" of the moon refers to significant differences in morphology, composition, lunar crust thickness, magma activity, and other aspects between its front and back sides. However, the formation mechanism of the "duality" of the moon is still uncertain and is a key issue that urgently needs to be addressed in lunar science research. Previously, the scientific community's understanding of the far side of the moon was mainly based on remote sensing research. Chang'e-6 carried 1935.3 grams of samples from the far side of the moon back to Earth for the first time in human history. These samples were collected from the largest, deepest, and oldest impact crater on the moon - the South Pole Aitken Basin, providing a rare opportunity to clarify the differences in material composition between the far and near sides of the moon and solve the mystery of the moon's binary. Wu Fuyuan, academician of the CAS Member, systematically revealed the effects of the Antarctic Aitken large impact for the first time, said that the Antarctic Aitken basin is one of the three major tectonic units of the moon, with a diameter of about 2500 kilometers. The energy formed by the impact crater is about a trillion times the energy of the atomic bomb explosion. However, how this large impact affects the evolution of the moon has always been a mystery. The four articles published in the journal Nature for the first time systematically revealed the effects of the Antarctic Aitken impact, which is the core highlight of the results. In addition to these four scientific advances, Chinese scientists have made many other scientific breakthroughs in the past year using Chang'e-6 samples. For example, the National Astronomical Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and its collaborators published the first research paper on Chang'e-6 returned samples, revealing the physical, mineral and lunar mantle evolution characteristics of the samples; The Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and its collaborators also found that there was volcanic activity 2.8 billion years ago on the back of the moon, and found that its source region of the moon mantle was extremely deficient. Therefore, it was proposed that the distribution of lunar magma activity was the result of the joint action of the thickness of the moon crust and the composition of the source material, which provided a new understanding of the dichotomy of the distribution of lunar sea basalt; The Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and its collaborators measured accurately for the first time that the Antarctic Aitken Basin was formed 4.25 billion years ago, giving mankind a more accurate "cosmic clock" scale in understanding the history of early large-scale impacts in the solar system. (New Society)