With the increasingly refined and specialized division of labor in society, intermediary organizations play an important role in reducing transaction costs, optimizing resource allocation, and improving market efficiency by providing diversified professional services. They have become an important force in promoting high-quality economic development in China. Looking back at history, the system of dental people and dental industry, as a unique intermediary economic form in ancient Chinese society, has formed a mature business system in long-term commercial activities. Its transaction mode, operation mode, and governance mechanism still have important reference value today. Studying the historical evolution of the dental industry is not only beneficial for deepening our understanding of traditional commercial society, but also provides valuable historical experience and theoretical inspiration for the development of contemporary market economy and the standardized operation of intermediary industries. As a profession formed with the development of the market, intermediaries have existed since ancient times and their titles have evolved in different dynasties. According to the "L ü shi Chunqiu · Zunshi", "Duan Ganmu was the great consort of the State of Jin". The original meaning of 'husband' is a fine horse or a good horse, referring to a broker engaged in horse trading. In the Han Dynasty, intermediaries were known as "merchants", not limited to the buying and selling of livestock, but aimed at a wider range of fields. The term 'husband' was transformed into 'fangren' in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the relationship between the Ya people and the government became increasingly close. During the Tang Dynasty, the Ya people became auxiliary personnel of the government, making up for the insufficient management ability of the government in collecting taxes, stabilizing prices, and conducting illegal inspections. As a result, a situation of "having Ya people for every item already available" emerged in the capital city. In the Song Dynasty, dental people were divided into official teeth and private teeth. In Wang Anshi's reform, the Municipal Exchange Law included the Ya people in the ranks of the government. In addition to assuming brokerage responsibilities, they were also responsible for organizing and managing various commercial activities. At that time, the "Dental Protection Law" was specifically formulated, requiring dental professionals to obtain a "paying license" similar to a business license in order to be eligible to conduct business. With the prosperity of commerce, the large and frequent remote sales have generated a significant demand for objective trade conditions such as storefronts and warehouses, giving rise to the emergence of dental shops. The dental shop has spacious storefronts that can handle loading, unloading, shipping, and selling goods for customers who come from afar. According to the "History of the Yuan Dynasty," there are various types of dental practices such as standing wild noodles, planting wood, using magnetic tools, mulberry dates, using coal, using horse parts, producing green fruits, and using oil in workshops. Therefore, many scholars believe that dental practices originated between the Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Ming and Qing dynasties were a prosperous period for the development of the dental system. Given its irreplaceable position in the process of commodity trading, the Ming government banned the establishment of private dental clinics and vigorously strengthened the functions of official dental clinics. The "Da Ming Law" stipulates the clause of "private filling of dental wharves": in urban and rural areas, various types of dental wharves and boat wharves shall be selected, and corresponding business owners shall be selected. Official seal book, attached with the names of merchants, ship owners, and the number of goods, and monthly visits to the official for photo inspection. Those who privately deposit, with a staff of sixty, will receive dental money for official use. The person with hidden teeth at the official tooth wharf will be whipped fifty times and removed. The meaning is that all dental shops and shipyards should have certain assets, and the government records merchant and trade information by issuing seals and documents to them, which are reviewed by the government every month. During the Qianlong period, it was strictly prohibited for yamen officials to serve as yamen to prevent them from using their power to oppress the people. At the same time, it was also restricted for gentry to serve as yamen to prevent them from monopolizing the market by taking advantage of their privileges. The Qing government established a dental plaque (license) system, allowing dental shops with poor operating conditions to exit the market, but subject to official review (such as canceling dental plaques), and also established a system for holding dental shops accountable for fraudulent behavior. Whether from the perspective of practical operation or institutional design, the dental industry played an important role in ancient market transactions in China, presenting distinct characteristics. One is to effectively reduce transaction costs. Tooth people are market entities that emerged under the drive of economic rationality, initially serving the livestock trading market. As an important means of production in ancient society, livestock have significant individual differences, professional and complex evaluation indicators, information asymmetry between buyers and sellers, and high transaction risks. With professional knowledge, trading skills, and social experience, dental professionals make the transaction process simple and convenient, and their established image of integrity also reassures both parties, effectively reducing transaction costs. The emergence of dental shops is similar. When remote trade emerged, dental shops broke through the trust limitations of traditional geographical acquaintance societies through intermediary networks, greatly reducing transaction costs, which are the "friction in the economic world". The second is to gradually assume the function of market supervision. Since the Tang and Song dynasties, the government has gradually incorporated Ya Ren Ya Xing into the market management system, leading to a significant transformation in its institutional attributes - from early spontaneous market intermediaries to being gradually incorporated into the government's economic governance system. The state has changed the equal relationship between commercial entities through legislation (such as the prohibition of private teeth in the Great Ming Law) and licensing system (dental stickers), and those authorized dental practitioners have gradually taken on market supervision functions. The Old Book of Tang states, "In addition to the Mo Law, the public and private sectors of the world are given trade... The masters of the market each give printing paper, and when people buy and sell, they sign their own records and make a profit the next day. For those who do not use the market for self trade, their private books are checked." This means that all market transactions must be registered and filed by the merchants, otherwise they will be punished accordingly. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government incorporated dental clinics into the administrative system through the dental plaque system, allowing them to undertake quasi administrative functions such as commercial supervision and tax agency. The third is to present the embryonic form of diversified collaborative governance. Although traditional societies have not formed a modern collaborative governance mechanism, a preliminary framework for market, legal, and social forces collaborative governance has been established in regulating the behavior of individuals. The "Ya Ren Fu Shen Ban" system implemented in the Song Dynasty stipulated that Ya Ren must truthfully pay taxes and prohibit price manipulation by issuing wooden "Fu Shen Ban" engraved with professional norms, which is similar to the modern professional qualification certification system. In ancient times, laws were also promulgated to strictly punish the illegal behavior of the Yaren Yaxing. For example, the "control of the market" clause in the "Qing Dynasty Law" clearly stipulated that "if Yaxing and stateless individuals forcibly invite and intercept passengers and cargo, they will be punished and punished with imprisonment for one month; if they cheat or illegally take profits from goods, they will be punished with imprisonment for three months and sent to the nearby military." Some serious cases (such as colluding with officials and bullying the market) may even be sentenced to execution and detention, reflecting the concept of maintaining market fairness. In addition, chambers of commerce such as guilds and public offices can also to some extent compensate for the shortcomings of government management. During the Qianlong period, the "Selected Works of Beijing Industrial and Commercial Inscriptions since the Ming and Qing Dynasties" recorded that "the merchants in Yizhou Yanzhuang were traitors, and there were almost no traders in the industry for many years", which means that the merchants colluded to commit evil deeds. Later, it was only with the power of the Chamber of Commerce that the market trading order was restored. The monument of Shanxi Pigment Guild Hall records that "the tung oil in the pigment industry was sold by a group of people from my hometown... Those who benefited from the internet, such as Fu Tiande, did not operate or evaluate it, and demanded dental supplies in an empty manner." This is also a way of using the power of the Chamber of Commerce to restrict dental extortion by the government. Correcting market failures through the complementary functions of multiple entities provides a new perspective for understanding the complexity of traditional Chinese market governance. The dental system had a significant impact on the economic development of ancient China. As a specialized market intermediary organization, Ya Ren Ya Xing has formed an efficient information transmission mechanism, overcoming the common problem of information asymmetry in ancient markets. As a comprehensive commercial service platform, Yaxing has taken shape as a modern commercial center. In addition to providing intermediary services, it also plays a supporting role in logistics distribution, financial services, warehousing and transportation, greatly promoting the development of cross regional trade. As a non-governmental organization, Ya Ren Ya Xing can also play an important role in assisting the government in regulating the market. Japanese scholar Naosaka Uchida referred to Ya Ren Ya Xing as the "foundation of China's commercial structure", reflecting the important role of this system in China's traditional economic system. The dental system has unique value in promoting the development of traditional rural economy in China. Ya people originated from rural livestock trading and gradually evolved into an important bridge connecting agricultural production and commodity circulation, serving as a crucial institutional arrangement in the rural factor market. For example, the dental community is an indispensable certification body in land property transactions, providing institutional guarantees for the stable development of agricultural economy. In addition, from the perspective of urban-rural relations, the interaction between urban and rural economies is formed by the institutional channels of tooth and tooth, which can gradually integrate the dispersed rural economy into the national market. With the advancement of economic globalization and the rapid development of high-tech, the market trading environment is becoming increasingly complex. Today's intermediary industry, with its professional technical advantages, efficient coordination functions, and regulatory assistance capabilities, has become an important "bridge" for communicating with market entities, effectively promoting the coordinated and efficient operation of various elements in the market. Although Ya Ren Ya Xing is an intermediary organization in traditional society, in the modern business system, agents, brokers, and their organizations from various industries can still explore similar historical imprints and business concepts in the Ya Ren Ya Xing system. The practical operation and institutional design of Ya Ren Ya Xing can still provide historical wisdom for promoting the development of the market economy and the standardized operation of the intermediary industry. For example, dental professionals emphasize the professional ethics of "honesty and credibility" and have strict market access requirements, which can ensure the professional ethics of practitioners and the level of intermediary organizations; The establishment and strict implementation of laws and regulations on illegal activities by the government can effectively curb market chaos; The self-discipline management of dental related organizations can effectively promote healthy competition in the industry, and so on. Drawing on these historical experiences can effectively improve the standardization level of contemporary intermediary services, thereby promoting the healthy and orderly development of the socialist market economy. (New Society)