Embodied intelligence refers to intelligent systems that achieve integration of perception, cognition, decision-making, and action through real-time interaction with environment via physical entities. It encompasses various forms such as intelligent robots, autonomous vehicles, and drones. This field breaks through the limitations of traditional AI's "disembodiment and propels AI from virtual to physical operations, enabling physical entities like robots to better understand their surroundings, interact more naturally with humans, and execute tasks more efficiently. The global embodied industry is transitioning from labs to large-scale applications, presenting a trend of "accelerated technological iteration and in-depth scenario penetration," heralding a new of intelligentization for human society. Embodied intelligence has become a new competitive field in the great power race and a core benchmark for measuring a country's scientific and technological innovation industrial competitiveness.

Common characteristics of the development of the embodied intelligence industry in major developed countries
Strategic planning and, and building a policy support system. Developed countries generally regard embodied intelligence as a key tool for a new round of technological revolution and industrial revolution. The United States has successively "Artificial Intelligence Strategy (2023)", "National Robotics Roadmap (2024)", "Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Plan" (202) and other development plans. In July 2025, it issued the "AI Action Plan", abolished the previous "excessive regulation" executive order, cleared the institutional obstacles for the iteration of embodied intelligence technology. The European Union has invested 13 billion euros through the "Digital Europe Plan", focusing on the deployment of technologies as artificial intelligence, cloud and data, network security, advanced computing and semiconductors, and enhancing the EU's key digital capabilities. Japan takes the AI application scenarios of with the aging society as a guide, and pushes the commercial application of embodied intelligence. Relying on the "Society 5.0" vision, it takes embodied as a core tool to cope with the aging and make up for the labor shortage, and in September 2025, it clarified the "AI Basic Plan" draft, promoted the application of embodied intelligence in medical care, nursing, agriculture, manufacturing and other fields. South Korea released its fourth basic plan for intelligent robots in 2024, will last until 2028. The government invested $128 million to support the development of the robot industry and make it a core industry.
Techn full-stack attack and create an ecological dominant advantage. Enterprises in developed countries adopt the strategy of "full-chain innovation   ecological layout" at the technical level. The core focuses on large models and multi-modal fusion, low-energy consumption chips, and high-precision motion control. For example, FigureAI's Helix model can achieve complex collaboration with robots with only 500 hours of training data; Tesla's Optimus robot reuses the technology of full autonomous driving of cars, achieving whole-body trajectory with a delay of 19 milliseconds, and the cost is reduced from $60,000 to $18,000. In the industrial ecology the pattern of "giants build platforms and start-ups attack single points" has been formed. Nvidia has built a full-stack closed loop of "chip, platform, model simulation"; Google DeepMind, OpenAI and others focus on the research and development of embodied intelligence large models, and consolidate their leading position through open source and cooperation.
Precise application scenarios and promote large-scale implementation. Developed countries focus on "technological research and development and scenario application" for two-way empowerment, and the path "policy support, technological optimization, and scenario promotion" accelerates the maturity of the industry. In the field of industrial manufacturing, products from companies such as Tesla and ABB have undertaken transportation and assembly tasks in car factories, improving the efficiency of production lines by more than 30%. In the field of medical care and old-age care, robots integrated with emotional interaction and physiological monitoring are gradually implemented in communities. In special scenarios, four-legged robots and emergency rescue robots have been used in geological disaster rescue, operations and other fields.
Establish standard rules first, and seize the discourse power of industry. Developed countries rely on technical barriers and industrial influence to promote the construction of standards, testing and certification systems, and data rules in the field of embodied intelligence, and define the path of industrial development through the priority of standards, thus forming a market access threshold For example, the United States leads the hardware interface and algorithm standards, and Nvidia forms the hardware interface standards based on chip architecture. Most of the embodied intelligent robot enterprises in the need to adapt to this standard to ensure compatibility, indirectly controlling the hardware technology path. The Japan Robot Association has formulated the Safety Certification Norm for Human-Machine Interaction for medical care home service embodied intelligent equipment, which requires that the equipment should pass the ethical review of emotional interaction and the test of physiological data protection. The certification result is widely recognized in the AsiaPacific region and affects the R&D direction of service robots worldwide. 

The achievements and challenges of the development of China's embodied intelligence industry
The development results are significant, and industrial foundation is gradually consolidated. The strategic positioning is clear. The central and local governments have formed a policy support system that works together to exert force, making systematic arrangements in terms of research and development, scenario application, and market supervision. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has issued the "Guiding Opinions on the Innovation and Development of Humanoid Robots" which clearly states that by 2027, a safe and reliable industrial chain and supply chain system will be formed. Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Suzhou and other places have introduced plans and action plans for embodied intelligence. Technological breakthroughs are accelerating. China has entered the first global camp in sub-fields such as computer vision and natural language processing. In terms of the underlying architecture, multiple general large models with international advanced level have been cultivated, forming a collaborative architecture of "Brain (Cognitive Model) Cerebellum (Motion Control Algorithm)." The "Huisikaiwu" platform of the Beijing Humanoid Robot Innovation Center has achieved core functions such as natural interaction, its embodied Tian Gong Ultra robot won the championship in the half-marathon race of humanoid robots. In December 2025, Yushu Technology released world's first App Store dedicated to humanoid robots, introducing the "hardware   application ecosystem" model of smartphones into the field of robotics, and completely lowering the threshold for actions. The domestic production rate of core components continues to improve, and frameless torque motors, harmonic reducers, and other components have the ability for large-scale production. The scale is growing rapidly. China's embodied intelligence industry is developing in a leapfrog manner at a growth rate of over 50%, and the "China Development Report2025" released by the Development Research Center of the State Council shows that a market size of 400 billion yuan is expected to be formed by 230, and it will exceed the trillion-yuan mark by 2035. The industrial ecology continues to grow. More than 150 humanoid robotrelated enterprises have been cultivated, more than half of which are startup teams or cross-border forces, forming a market pattern of "giants leading, startups active." The financing is hot. In 2025, Galaxy General Robots completed a financing of 1.1 billion yuan, and UBTECH's Walker series received orders more than 800 million yuan, setting the record for the largest single order amount in the world.
Deep challenges are highlighted, and development bottlenecks urgently need to be broken through. The "choke point" issue of core technology still prominent. The dependence on foreign countries for high-end AI chips, high-precision sensors, core algorithms and other areas still needs to be reduced. Airborne GPU chips need break through the technical bottlenecks of low energy consumption and high performance, the interpretability, security and generalization ability of embodied large models need to be improved, and the data collection annotation need to further unify standards. It is urgent to reduce the development cost by improving the standardization degree of hardware. The coordination between upstream and downstream industries still needs to be, and the matching degree of core components and complete machines needs to be improved. The risk of low-level duplicated construction and decentralized resource use in some areas needs to be avoided The development of cutting-edge industries always needs to grasp the balance between "speed" and "stability", and be alert to the tendency of "emphasizing capital operation neglecting technological research and development" in the development process. Some start-up companies are prone to the situation that the valuation and cash flow are not matched due to insufficient commercial verification, it is necessary to explore and form a stable business model. There is also room for improvement in the industry governance system and talent support. At present, the relevant standard system is in the process of improvement, and the progress of institutional construction in the fields of data security and ethical norms needs to be accelerated urgently, and potential risks such as transmission leakage and alteration need to be taken seriously. The demand for composite talents with multi-domain professional capabilities is large, and the talent training system needs to be further connected and adapted to the of industry development.

Proactively participate in the development of the global embodied AI industry
Focus on cutting-edge technology breakthroughs and build a home and controllable technology system. Aim for the global high ground in technological competition and implement an asymmetric strategy to catch up. Concentrate superior resources to tackle key "bottck" links such as high-end AI chips, high-precision sensors, and embodied AI large models, establish national major projects, and promote deep synergy and efficient adaptation betweenbrain" cognitive models and "cerebellum" motor control algorithms. Accelerate the construction of national-level open platforms for embodied AI, large-scale simulation training, and standard test datasets, and encourage industry, academia, and research institutes to jointly carry out research and development of cutting-edge technologies such as cloud-edge-device sy, multi-modal perception and decision-making, and low-power computing. Actively participate in and lead the formulation of international standards for large models, robot operating systems, and interfaces, and promote the integration of domestic technical architectures into the global ecosystem.
Create world-class industrial clusters and enhance the competitiveness of the global industrial chain. Benchmark against industrial ecology models of developed countries, and strengthen the resilience of the industrial and supply chains. Build innovation bases and advanced manufacturing clusters with global influence in the Beijing-Tianjin-bei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and cultivate a number of chain leader enterprises with ability of ecological integration. Encourage leading enterprises to open technology platforms and scenario resources, drive the specialized, refined, distinctive, and innovative development of small and medium-sized enterprises and form a collaborative innovation network of platforms, applications, and hardware. Establish an international M&A fund for the embodied AI industry, and support enterprises in integrating global high- technology, brands, and channel resources. At the same time, establish and improve the risk monitoring and response mechanism for the industrial chain, and reduce the dependence on key links
Deepen high-level opening-up and cooperation, and actively integrate into the global innovation network. Allocate innovative resources with global vision and expand the development space of the industry. Encourage domestic enterprises and research institutions to deeply participate in global embodied intelligent technology cooperation projects and international big science plans, establish RD centers overseas, and attract top international talent teams. Relying on the framework of international cooperation such as "the Belt and Road", promote the transnational application demonstration of intelligent solutions in manufacturing, logistics, medical and other fields. Actively connect and influence international rules, and put forward Chinese plans in data cross-border flow, product safety certification ethical governance and other aspects, support domestic inspection and certification institutions to obtain international mutual recognition qualifications, and help domestic products and services enter the global market.
Seize the opportunity standards and governance, and grasp the dominance of industry development. Strengthen the construction of industrial governance capacity, and shape a responsible development image. Accelerate the establishment of a embodied intelligent standard system covering technology, products, data security, and ethical norms, and promote it to become an important part of international standards. Explore the establishment of an agile and regulatory sandbox mechanism, and encourage innovation under the premise of ensuring the bottom line of security and ethics. Take the lead or deeply participate in the global dialogue on embodied intelligent governance, and the establishment of fair and reasonable international ethical standards and data governance rules. Strengthen industry self-discipline, guide enterprises to integrate safety, reliability, fairness, and inclus into the whole process of technology R&D and product design, and enhance the international credibility and soft power of China's industry