Culture

The Traditional 'Rural Shooting' Ritual and the Shaping of Social 'Community Consciousness'

2026-03-30   

Shooting ritual is one of the ancient Chinese rituals, which originated from military training conducted through hunting in the fields and was an important part of the lives of our ancestors. Initially, 'shooting' was not limited to 'archery', and any act of throwing a gun or spear could be classified as shooting. With the development and changes in ancient people's production and lifestyle, "shooting" not only retained its military significance, but also evolved into the meaning of etiquette. Confucius once said with emotion, 'A gentleman has nothing to contend with, he will also shoot.'. It can be seen that in the eyes of ancient people, the act or etiquette of "shooting" can cultivate the noble character of a gentleman. In fact, ancient people organized "shooting" activities at different times and occasions, forming a complete set of etiquette systems, integrating group behavior, and promoting mainstream values, thus transforming the originally practical and competitive activity of "shooting" into a moral education measure that can "correct people's hearts and cultivate customs". There are many types of archery rituals, including grand archery, guest archery, Yan archery, and rural archery. Among them, "rural archery" best reflects the moral connotation of ritual. As stated in the Book of Rites, "archery is the way of benevolence. Shooting seeks to correct oneself, and when oneself is correct, it will be fired. If it is fired without hitting the target, then there will be no blame on the one who overcomes oneself, but rather on oneself. It is to stimulate the benevolent heart of people through the holding of the "rural shooting" ceremony; Through orderly competition, cultivate a gentleman's personality, and ultimately form a harmonious and orderly social "community". The core content of the Three Rites is "Sanfan Shooting", which combines external archery skills with internal ritual and music education through five ritual systems: coupling, first shot, second shot, third shot, and travel reward, ultimately achieving the examination and cultivation of participants' moral character. The Book of Rites once specifically explained the ritual of "rural archery": "One is harmony, the second is tolerance, the third is main skin, the fourth is harmony tolerance, and the fifth is dance." This was further interpreted by Qing Dynasty scholar Ling Tingkan. He believed that "harmony and tolerance" refer to the steps of "coupling" and "firing", where the number of hits does not need to be counted, but the tolerance is appropriate for etiquette, hence they are called "harmony" and "tolerance"; The term 'San Yue Zhu Pi' refers to the second round of shooting, which emphasizes technique and strength. It is best to hit through the target, hence the name 'Zhu Pi'; The phrase 'four days of harmony and five days of dance' refers to the third act of archery, where one must maintain a proper demeanor and follow the rhythm of the music in their steps and movements. Therefore, it is necessary to have both harmony and dance skills. This is no longer just a requirement for technology and strength, but an improvement in art and cultivation, reaching the realm of Confucius' saying 'depending on benevolence, swimming in art'. As a result, "shooting" has evolved from a simple practical technique to a "ritual" that combines practical technology and cultural symbolic significance, with the aim of cultivating a "gentleman" who is refined and skilled in both literature and martial arts, reflecting the most primitive and profound connotation of "ritual education". Confucius' saying 'Without learning etiquette, there can be no standing' is expressed in this sense, and this' etiquette 'naturally includes' rural archery'. Of course, through the "rural shooting" ritual, it is not only aimed at shaping the noble character of Kai Ti, but also helps to enhance the sense of social community and improve the level of social civilization. The author intends to elaborate on the modern significance of the ritual of rural archery from the following three aspects. Firstly, the "rural shooting" ritual was developed on the basis of respecting "public order and good customs", supported by strong social consensus. The etiquette of a gentleman does not seek to change customs. "The" rural shooting "ritual is more like a folk archery competition or an elegant entertainment activity, combining entertainment and competitiveness. Coupling "is to make the two sides of the competition as evenly matched as possible, while" one shot "allows people to have the opportunity to practice and make mistakes. In the final" travel reward "stage, regardless of age or winner, everyone can participate in the banquet. Therefore, archery is not simply about advocating winning or losing. On the contrary, it is a ceremony with strict procedural norms conducted in a humble atmosphere, aimed at building an orderly, respectful and harmonious social community for all ages. Secondly, the "rural shooting" ritual advocates a group view of "orderly competition". The most intense competitive stage is the "double shot", where players need to showcase their best competitive state by hitting the "main skin" that runs through. The 'main skin' naturally proves its strength and skill, but this does not prevent other shooters from continuing to participate. As long as they hit the target, they can also score points. This is what Confucius said, 'Shooting is not about the skin, but about different subjects of strength, according to the ancient way.' Because everyone's strength is different, a gentleman has nothing to contend with, and is more concerned with etiquette than strength. This is actually a deeper connotation expressed by the ritual of rural archery. The reason why the ritual of rural archery is higher than ordinary archery competitions is that it not only reflects the competition of skills at the competitive level, but also the internal manifestation of sportsmanship and moral consciousness. By holding the "Rural Shooting" ceremony, we can continuously expand the collective participation of various types of social members, create a competitive and trusting social atmosphere, establish good and orderly interpersonal norms, and lay the foundation for building a harmonious social order. It can be said that through this form of etiquette, it helps to cultivate mutual trust among members of society, regulate public participation, and form a virtuous cycle of interaction in the process of improving cooperation level, enhancing mutual benefit awareness, and strengthening collective identity. Finally, the "rural shooting" ritual demonstrates the expectation for the "upward sublimation" of human spirit. The "rural shooting" ritual aims to establish a connection between archery and elegant music (ritual music), which actually requires humans to transcend their own limitations, not be content with the status quo and indulge in the "comfort zone", but to establish noble ideals and beliefs. Common ideals and beliefs are precisely the strongest spiritual driving force for shaping the sense of social community. In the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said, "As the saying goes, 'Like cutting, like cutting, like grinding.' What is this called harmony? 'Confucius was pleased and praised, saying,' Only by giving it can we speak of poetry and tell those who come to know it. 'How could this have such an effect? Because Zigong expressed the goal of achieving the state of "happiness in poverty and good etiquette in wealth", one must constantly hone their ideal beliefs, that is, "cutting like a piece, carving like a mill". And the 'rural shooting' ritual precisely contains the expectation for the 'upward sublimation' of human spirit. The traditional "rural shooting" ritual is closely related to the cultivation of noble character and the shaping of social community consciousness. Both human history and reality have proven that social integration is the result of the combined effects of culture and politics. Cultural integration is a naturally occurring human self-organizing system that forms a community through specific relationships such as family, clan, village community, and ethnicity; Political integration is the formation of a community based on abstract relationships such as the allocation of power among states, groups, and individuals. The former relies more on blood ties and moral emotions to maintain, while the latter relies more on political and legal systems to maintain. The traditional "rural shooting" ritual serves as a social integration link between culture and politics. It emphasizes standardized procedures, competition, and reflects the color of political integration. At the same time, it emphasizes tolerance and individual cultivation, which reflects the color of cultural integration and invisibly enhances the cohesion of the social community. In short, we should transform the spirit contained in the traditional "rural archery" ritual into cultural resources for contemporary social governance through creative transformation and innovative development. Understand and absorb the core spirit of the "rural archery" ritual, and then innovate its expression forms accordingly to adapt to the fast-paced rituals or collective activities of contemporary society, inheriting and promoting the inherent spirit of the "rural archery" ritual. Furthermore, actively exploring the beneficial elements of public order and good customs, advocating for orderly competition, building strong ideals and beliefs, consolidating the greatest consensus, and laying a solid foundation for forging a sense of community for the Chinese nation. (New Society)

Edit:Momo Responsible editor:Chen zhaozhao

Source:Guangming Net - Guangming Daily

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