Recently, ten important achievements were published by foreign academic journals in the form of thematic paper collections. This series of achievements is a crucial step for Chinese neuroscience to move towards the forefront of world technology, further consolidating China's international influence in the field of mesoscopic brain mapping. Brain atlas is the strategic cornerstone for deciphering the "smart code" of the brain. The complexity of mammalian brains is beyond imagination, and their high diversity, dynamic evolutionary characteristics, and species differences pose enormous challenges for a comprehensive analysis of the "mysteries of the brain". In the face of challenges, Chinese scientists have made continuous efforts. Many domestic scientific research institutions, such as the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Suzhou Institute of Brain Spatial Information of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Huada Institute of Life Sciences, the University of Science and Technology of China, and scientists from France, Sweden, the United Kingdom and other countries, have deeply analyzed the diversity of brain cell types, the laws of connectivity, the laws of development and evolution, and the molecular mechanism of brain diseases, and achieved the leap from rodents to primates in mapping brain maps with single cell resolution. The series of achievements released this time cover species such as reptiles, birds, rodents, non-human primates, and humans. Ten achievements have analyzed the whole brain connectivity patterns of neurons in multiple brain regions, revealed the evolutionary patterns of different species of brain cell types, explored the key mechanisms of brain tissue development and evolution, elucidated the changes in cell composition in brain diseases, and laid the foundation for understanding high-level cognitive functions such as perception, memory, and decision-making, as well as overcoming brain diseases and inspiring neuromorphic intelligence. The non-human primate brain atlas is a breakthrough direction for China to seize the technological high ground. ”Shi Yongyong, deputy director of the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that non-human primate brain research is the key to understanding human intelligence and the focus of international competition. The series of technological breakthroughs and research achievements demonstrate China's unique advantages in the field of non-human primate mesoscopic brain mapping. In terms of technological autonomy, Chinese scientists have successfully achieved the processing of PB level super large volume images of macaques, independently developed technologies for automatic reconstruction and large-scale collaborative calibration of macaque whole brain single neurons, and for the first time constructed a large-scale projection map of macaque frontal lobe single neurons; In terms of paradigm innovation, for the first time, the role of the monkey's caudate nucleus as a whole brain connectivity hub has been discovered, providing new ideas for understanding the mechanism of consciousness generation; In terms of evolutionary uniqueness, the "streamlined and efficient" neural connectivity pattern of the prefrontal cortex in macaques has been revealed for the first time, overturning the traditional cognition that "the higher the species, the more complex the single neuron connections". For the "cluster" appearance of this achievement, Academician Pu Muming, academic director of the Center for Excellence and Innovation in Brain Science and Intelligent Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, believed that "the pilot project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Brain Plan, and the support of the municipal major special projects of the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission make our progress in this regard at the forefront of the international level." He stressed that brain mapping research is a systematic project, which requires global efforts to tackle key problems. Shi Yongyong introduced that with the rapid development of new imaging technologies, artificial intelligence, and other technologies, the research goals of the current Brain Atlas Big Science Program have moved from small animals to the critical stage of drawing mesoscopic brain maps of non-human primates, steadily moving towards the highest goal of drawing mesoscopic brain maps of the human brain. (New Society)